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Betel nut plantation is done  in the  leached  soil  of Meghalaya Laterite soil is also called Leached soil. It is mostly found in areas where there is a high amount of rainfall and snowfall and in places where the occurrence of glaciers are common. Pale red color laterite soil This soil is characterized by its high gravel content which makes it a poor supporter of plant growth. It is composed of the little amount of clay but a large amount of gravels and sands. In places like the Riwar part of the Meghalaya which received huge rainfalls the soil color ranges from red to grey. In other parts of the world, such soil is marked by pale red or just red color complexion. Laterite soil is very good for the plantation of betel nuts, tea, coconut etc. Laterite soil in Sohra, Meghalaya   (In the picture the soil was  added with farmyard manure)

The decrease in the quality of the land as a result of various human activities is called land degradation Illustration of land degradation Land is natural wealth. Living organism walks over the land and live their life successfully under the support of the land. Rocks, sand, minerals, humus,  and all dust particles together make the land. Land is prone to various natural disturbing forces like rainfall, wind, slope. Many activities human like practice of agriculture, construction for various developmental processes, urbanization and mining are huge factors that contribute of the loss of land. Sohra must the wettest place on earth during summer but its too the driest during dry season In areas where there is too much rainfall land will not be fertile. It is degraded as it loss its capacity to support plants and animal lives. Extreme degradation of land In dry areas like in the Middle east where the sun is so strong and the temperature is so high the land there too

The plants that never flower , neither produce fruits or seeds are called lower plants . Lower plants comprise all those plants that live well in moist and damp places. All ferns, liver whort, selagenella, mosses and algae are collectively fall under the category of lower plants . They are sometimes referred to as cryptogams .

Lithosphere is something that is solid like rock and soil. The hills, the plains, the mountains, the soil particle are all solid so they are the lithosphere . The lithosphere is that area on Earth that supports almost all other spheres like atmosphere , hydrosphere and biosphere of the earth are in one way or the other stand on the lithosphere . Can you think of a river flowing without rocks or solid basement i.e. without a  lithosphere underneath?