First Muslim dynasty in India - Ilbari dynasty or Slave Dynasty

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Ilbary dynasty was popularly known as the Slave dynasty and Mamluk dynasty were the descendants of Muhammad Ghori. They ruled India from 1206 AD to 1286 AD. Slave dynasty was the first Muslim dynasty to rule India.


Rulers after Muhammad Ghori – Ilbari or Slave Dynasty

After the second battle of Terain in 1192 AD Muhammad Ghori became the first Muslim king to ever rule India.  Ghori died in 1206 AD. Ghori did not have a son to heir his throne. 
Ilbari dynasty
Image | MapofIndia

The India possession of this Afghan king was left in the hands of his able and manumitted slave, Qutb ud din Aibak.


Ilbary or Slave Dynasty

They are the slave and slave descendants of Muhammad Ghori. They are also called Ilbary dynasty as all rulers of this dynasty with the exception of Qutb ud din Aibak were members of the Ilbary tribe of the Turks.

Name of rulers of the Slave dynasty

Rulers of this dynasty comprises of –
  1. Qutb ud din Aibak (1206 AD – 1210 AD)
  2. Aram Shah (1210AD)
  3. Iltutmish (1210 – 1236 AD)
  4. Ruknudin Firuz Shah (1236 AD)
  5. Raziya (1236 – 1240 AD)
  6. Muizuddin Baram Shah (1240 – 1242 AD)
  7. Alauddin Masud Shah (1242 - 1246)
  8. Nsiruddin Mahmud (1246 – 1265 AD)
  9. Balban (1266 – 1286 AD)
  10. Kaibad (1286 – 90 AD)
Amongst them important rulers comprises of Qutb ud din Aibak, Iltutmish, Raziya and Balban.


Qutb ud din Aibak (1206 - 1210 AD)

He ruled from 1206 – 1210 AD after the death of his master Muhammad Ghori. 

He took Lahore then later Delhi as his capitals. He was famous for his generosity which earned him sobriquet of lakh bakh or the giver of lakhs (large some of wealth). 

Buildings:

He laid the foundation of Qutb Miner in memory of the Sufi saint, Khwaja Qutb ud din Baktiyar Kaki. He built the first mosques in India: Quwwat ul Islam (at Delhi) and Adhai din ka Jhonpura (at Ajmer).

Patronages:

He was great patron of learnings. He patronized Taj ul Massir and Fakhr ud din the writer of Tarik –i-Mubarakshahi.

Death: 

He died prematurely in 1210 AD in horse  riding (Polo game) accidents at Lahore.

The Turks were credited for the introduction of Polo in India.

Aram Shah (1210 AD)

The sudden death of Aibak led the Amirs and Maliks of Lahore to put Aram Shah into the shoes of Qutb ud din Aibak. His relations with the deceased king was unclear though. However, the young king was completely worthless and was rejected by the people of Delhi.

Iltutmish (1210 – 1236 AD)

He was the son in law of Aibak. His real name was Shams ud din Iltutmish. He was considered as the greatest slave king and true consolidator of the Turkish conquest in India. At the time of the death of his father in law he was governor of Badaun but soon later he acquired the throne from Aram Shah.

Governance:

He suppressed the revolts of his ambitious nobles and sent expedition agains the Rajputs f Ranthambor, Jalor, Gwalior, Ajmer and Malwa.

His diplomatic skills to refuse to provide refuge to an Iranian ruler Jallaludin Mangabarani prevented his empire from the Mongol attacks.

He was popular king and was recognized by the Khalifa (the Caliph of Baghdad) as member of world fraternity of Islamic states.

Administration:

IQTAS - He divided his empire into a number of IQTAS. IQTAS is a kind of land given as payment to the services of his officers. The person who got the IQTA was called Iqtadar. Under the IQTA system the iqtadar was required to maintain law and order in his IQTA. He has the right to collect revenue, deducting his expenses and salary and sending the surplus to the central government. The IQTAS were transferrable.

Chalisa: to suppress the nobles he formed the Turkan-i-Chahalgani or Chalisa. Chalisa is group of 40 (fourty) powerful nobles whose task was to suppress other nobles. Balban was one of the members.

Coinage:

He introduced two basic coins – Silver tanka and the copper jittal

Famous for:

He was known as the father of Tomb Building in India. He built Sultan Garhi in Delhi.

He was the only sultan to declare his daughter as successor. Though he had many sons however, all of them were incompetent to rule an empire. Iltutmish nominated his daughter Raziya as his successor. 


Controversy of the will (1236)

In spite of Iltutmish appointment of his daughter as successor the nobles were too proud to pay respect to a woman as their ruler they, put his eldest son Ruknuddin Firuz Shah on to the throne. Ruknuddin however, was just a worthless pleasure mad king. He left the throne under the control in the hands of his mother Shah Turkan which led to rebellions from all sides. 

Ruknuddin and his mother were sentenced to death and the throne handed over to Raziya.


Raziya (1236 – 1240 AD)

Raziya was the only Muslim woman in the medieval India to have ruled India. She ruled India for three and half years.  She disregarded purdah and adorn male attire.

Raziya was an excellent horsewoman and commanded the army by herself.

Her promotion of Jamaludin Yagut, an Abyssinian to the rank of Superindent of the stables provoked the Turkish nobles. There were revolts in many places in the empire. The governor of Lahore was the first to create trouble but she defeated him.
Malik Ikhtiyaruddin Altunia, the governor of Bhatinda refused to accept her suzerainty. When she along with Yagut were marching towards Bhatinda, Altunia army had already trapped them. While Yagut was killed Raziya was forced to marry Altunia.

However when Raziya and her out of a situation husband, Altunia were marching to Delhi, her brother, Bahram Shah killed them both.

In her short span rule she showed her skills as an able ruler.

After Raziya (1240 - 1265)

After Raziya three more or less worthless kings were crown on the throne viz - 
  • Muizuddin Baram Shah (1240 – 1242 AD)
  • Alauddin Masud Shah (1242 - 1246)
  • Nasiruddin Mahmud (1246 – 1265 AD)
Nasiruddin Mahmud did not have a son to heir the throne. Upon his death Balban declared himself the king of Delhi.


Ghiyas ud din Balban (1266 – 1286 AD)

Ghiyas ud din Balban was member of the elite Turkish chalisa and declared himself the king of Delhi upon the death of the ruler Nasiruddin Mahmud in 1266 AD. 

Philosophical approach:

To win the allegiance and praise from his subjects he declared that the Sultan was representative of God on earth. He said that king was the deputy of God (niyabat-i-khudai) and the shadow of God (zil-i-ilahi). 

He introduced Sijdah or paibos practice – practice that required people to kneel and touch the ground with their head to greet the Sultan.

Administration:

He separated the military department (diwan-i-ariz) from the finance department (diwan-i-wizarat). 

He was an extreme racist and excluded non-Turks from the administration.

Home affairs:

He administered justice with extreme impartiality to win the confidence of the public and he established efficient spy system.

Patronage:

He patronized Persian literature and the poet Amir Khusroo.


Slave Dynasty after Balban

Balban was succeeded by his son Kaibad (1286 – 1290 AD). He was non efficient and fun loving person. He was the last king of the slave dynasty.

Previous Read -  Second battle of Terain

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